Bp oil spill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bp oil slick - Essay Example Because of the blast, an oil gusher situated on the ocean bed streamed persistently for around a quarter of a year prior to the wellhead was at long last effectively topped after various bombed endeavors (Robertson and Krauss, 2010). The oil slick had genuine repercussions on Bp and its financial specialists just as different partners in various related ventures as the organization needed to guarantee duty regarding all the harm that was done accordingly (Robertson and Krauss, 2010). The level at which the organization was influenced can be estimated by means of the utilization of key pointers of execution identified with the showcasing business. After examinations were directed it was resolved that Bp was to be faulted for the mishap. Anyway it was resolved that Deepwater Horizon administrator Transocean and Halliburton which was the temporary worker of the oil rig was likewise to fault for their different jobs (Robertson and Krauss, 2010). The consequences of the examination prompted various repercussions particularly for Bp specifically. Utilizing long haul Key markers of execution one can verify that BP followed through on an enormous cost for their error. In monetary terms, BP took a huge gouge in their money related status as they wound up paying more than 4 billion dollars in fines and different costs specifically. Such an enormous money related impact can show the destruction of an organization if not appropriately oversaw and took care of in a financial way (Parmenter, 2007). The picture of BP additionally endured a genuine shot as associations, for example, the EPA created questions over its honesty and thus it lost its capacity to compete for government contracts after the mishap. This shows the way that the company’s open picture took a negative turn which can be hazardous if not toppled at the earliest opportunity (Parmenter, 2007). The news reports likewise painted the organization in a terrible light as ecological and different associations censured the organization for

The Rise of Black British Culture from Black British Music Like Reggae Free Essays

The Rise of Black British Culture from Black British Music like Reggae, Jazz, Ska to the Black British Education in Britain, seen in â€Å"Some Kind of Black† by Diran Adebayo The Black British culture is fairly like that of the way of life of blacks in America; anyway a few things are more persuasive and seen distinctively in Britain than America. Dark British Music is viewed as powerful not just for Black British culture anyway for Britain music overall. The blend of pop, ska, and punk hugy affected not just blacks in Britain anyway whites moreover. We will compose a custom paper test on The Rise of Black British Culture from Black British Music Like Reggae or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Another part of the Black British culture is the ascent of the dark culture in governmental issues, work, and instruction. Like America, blacks in the after war Britain were oppression and were not greeted wholeheartedly; anyway Black British clutched their way of life and earned their place in the public arena. Dark British music is powerful in Britain to most people in the public arena. Through â€Å"Some Kind of Black† composed by Diran Adebayo, the peruser can see the impact of music in characters. Reggae, Hip Hop, and Jungle music are three sorts of Black British music that are persuasive in Britain. Dark British music contains music from entertainers like George Bridgetower to Billy Waters, who was to a greater degree a road entertainer. Dark British music is created by different impacts; particularly Caribbean impacts, it additionally has been affected by Black American styles of music like rap. Like most music, Black British music has numerous impacts anyway it has its own unmistakable character and speaks to Black British in general. Reggae is one persuasive sort of Black British music. It was created in Jamaica around the late 1960s and contains various styles of music like ska and rocksteady. Gatherings like ‘Black Roots’ were persuasive in the eighties and nineties. Reggae contains different instruments from the drums and different percussions, to bass, guitars, consoles, horns, vocals, ect. Reggae is still well known today all around the globe. Hip Hop is likewise an extremely persuasive factor operating at a profit British culture, anyway it spoke to another age of blacks in Britain. This sort of music was seen in â€Å"Some Kind of Black’ as proceeding onward from the age of new outsiders to really being conceived in Britain. Hip Hop began during the 1970s and turned out to be well known during the 1980s. The majority of the hip jump music in Britain was made by men and was viewed as manly and intense. This sort of music unquestionably affected the observation on blacks and created different generalizations for the Black British society. It depicted the lawbreaker, criminal blacks in the public eye, which gave society an unforgiving and negative point of view toward men. Likewise a ton of this music was focused on sex, or medications. During the post war Britain period, numerous ladies were viewed as items or sex images and a great deal of this music contained this impression of ladies so it unquestionably impacted the perspective on ladies at that point. A great deal of the rappers, or people who were engaged with hip bounce were constantly observed with a ton of ladies, so the people who considered them to be symbols, were affected by this kind of conduct, which didn’t help the perspective on ladies. With the impacts of music, and blacks characterizing their own obscurity personality all through Britain, the Black British culture has gained a great deal of ground in the public eye in general. Like America, Black British was depicted as undetectable, hoodlums, and furthermore went with lower positions in the work showcase. Notwithstanding, today Black British are involving better paid occupations, political positions, and consolidation their own character and culture inside the British society. Dark British has different parts of their way of life anyway music is one I find exceptionally fascinating and persuasive to the blacks in Britain. Today, a great deal of the Black British music is found in America, additionally during the past this kind of music affected people in America, so in addition to the fact that black is British culture impacting Britain, and Europe it likewise impacts America and different nations around the globe. The most effective method to refer to The Rise of Black British Culture from Black British Music Like Reggae, Papers

Frankenstein Aplication Essay - 825 Words

Frankenstein Aplication Essay (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:Feminism in Mary Shelleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s FrankensteinFeminist issues take a considerable focus in Mary Shelleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s novel Frankenstein. The way women characters are treated and characterized depicts the position in which women have been held for a long time, such position being of being generally considered the weaker sex. In view of the concerted efforts by Shelley to build on the theme of feminism in this novel, the undertaking of this paper is to look at how Shelley explores and incorporates responses to feminist issues in the Frankenstein.When reading the Novel Frankenstein, one cannot help but notice that female characters appear to have little substance in comparison to the male characters. This may be resulting from the time in period in which she wrote that females were seen as lesser than males. In the essay "Cooped Upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Feminine Domesticity in Frankenstein," Johanna Smith, A University of Texas Professor discusses femi nist issues in which she views female characters in the Frankenstein as being there only for the purpose of reflecting or constructing the male characters (Smith 279). The historical factors surrounding the writing of the novel come in handy; Shelly wrote the novel in the first half of the 19th century which is a period, as Smith explains, a woman was habituated to think that a manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s help and control in her life was inevitable (Smith, 275). The Frankenstein, therefore, does not represent any efforts to build a positive appearance for women, that they have capabilities that can enable them to stand for themselves. The Frankenstein, as will be seen in the subsequent paragraphs, is a tool through which Shelley, albeit may be unintentionally, continues the subjugation of women by men and the preference of men over women.Women are explicitly and conspicuously excluded from Frankenstein and all that comes to be known about them is through the three dominant male narrators (Badal amenti 430). Female representation is excluded and it is puzzling how the male experience is solely the focus of Frankenstein. Women characters are not allowed to voice their own stories, instead, many of them die. The main male characters namely, Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton, are described as highly egotistical, ambitious, and preferring closeness with other males over romantic involvement with women. The storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s female characters, on the other hand, strongly embody the images, perceptions, and dominant expectations regarding what a woman should be like at the time Frankenstein was written.Susan Gubar and Sandra Gilbertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, discusses these socially constructed perceptions and ideas regarding the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s distinct roles for men and women. The book describes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"authorship anxietyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ as challenge that aspiring women writers needed to overcome (Cited in Tuchman 214). The anxiety in Shelleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s case originated from her literary upbringing, as her father was a popular writer, and whether or not, it was possible for her to live up to her literary expectations. Other women writers also experienced such anxiety from the societies they lived. This is because they had to penetrate a world that had been defined and was dominated by men. Shelleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s subjugation of women in the Frankenstein can therefore be considered to be a product of a time in which male presence in literature provided stereotyped depictions of women à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ that way also limiting female writers, including Shelley, in how they depict the female experiences and roles in the society.Shelley, has also characterized women as disposable, passive, and having a mere utilitarian role. Characters such as Margaret, Agatha, and Justine are represented as nothing more than an action channel for the male characters (Maxwell Trumpener 52). Mo st events that happen to them appear to be solely for the purpose of teaching a lesson to the male characters or sparking some form of emotion in them. Justine is rarely vocal and quite passive. She is thrown back and forth, not only by the Frankensteins but also her family, until she is framed for William Frankensteinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s murder. Nonetheless, she maintains her calm, declaring her innocence, "God knows how entirely I am innocent. But I do not pretend that my protestations should acquit me; I rest my innocence on a plain and simple explanation of the facts which have been adduced against me, and I hope the character I have alw...

The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield - Review

The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield is a rich story about secrets, ghosts, winter, books, and family. This bestseller is a book lovers book, with much of the action taking place in libraries and book stores, and the line between fact and fiction constantly blurred. It is hard to believe this is Setterfields debut novel, for she makes the words come to life with such skill that some passages even gave me chills. With a mug of cocoa and The Thirteenth Tale, contentment isnt far away. Synopsis of The Thirteenth Tale Margaret Lea works in her fathers bookstore and is haunted by a loss in her past.One night Margaret is summoned to the home of the most famous author in England to record her autobiography.Vida Winter, the author, tells a layered tale, with stories within stories, keeping Margaret (and readers) curious. Pros The writing is poetic.The characters are unique.The story is interesting, imaginative, and exciting. Cons You will want to drink lots of cocoa while reading (this is only a con for the weight conscious). The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield - Book Review The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield is reminiscent of classic British novels, like Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre. It has tragedy, romance, moors, and dark, stormy nights. In a way, The Thirteenth Tale is a homage to these and all other great works of literature. The power of books and stories is foremost in the novel, and as the main character gets lost in one story, youll find yourself lost with her in the story within a story (as well as the story surrounding the characters story). This is not a realistic book. It isnt meant to be. The aura of fairytale lends power and mystery to the writing. While place is utterly important to the book, time is not. Dont  try too hard to figure out when the novel is supposed to take place. It could just as easily have been now as a hundred years ago. Perhaps all this talk about place, time and story seems roundabout to you. Perhaps you want a synopsis of plot and a straightforward review so that you can decide whether to read this book. Heres what to expect: A good story written by a very good writer about a good story told by a very good writer. This can be a fun read for a book discussion club, especially for the autumn and winter months. See a list of questions you can explore with your book club for The Thirteenth Tale.  The audiobook version is well-received for those who prefer to listen rather than read. The book was adapted for a UK TV movie released in December 2013, starring Vanessa Redgrave and Olivia Colman. Setterfields second novel, Bellman Black, (2013) does not garner as good of reviews. Hopefully, her further works will be back up to the standard she set with her first.

Organizational Structure Essay examples - 902 Words

{text:bookmark-start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark-end} STRUCTURE Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure consisting of board of directors who include Steve Ballmer as chief executive officer (CEO), senior leaders, executives, and technical leaders. Founded in 1975, Microsoft has grown today into a worldwide leader in software and services (Microsoft, 2009). The organizational structure of†¦show more content†¦Division of labor is a part of differentiation, which divides jobs into smaller tasks and when an employee performs a specific task, it is known as specialization. In some cases, companies divide organizational functions into divisional structure, which contain all the necessary resources required to function. For example, a software company might have a division for home software and a division for business software both providing development and support. Microsoft is the largest software company in the world that offers services for home and business. The company also provides entertainment through video games for Xbox and music for Zune. In the case of Microsoft (2009) there are many different positions within the company from Business Services Administration to Software Engineering: User Experience and has locations throughout the world. Since Microsoft’s main function is to develop software, it would stand to reason that the largest department within the company pertains to information technology with many specialized departments from development to support. Microsoft has many divisions within the company that include home software and business software and provide development and support. The function of the hu man resources department is to organize the employees based on their qualifications. The finance department’s function is the flow of cash from accounts receivable to payroll. Microsoft is knownShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure763 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction It is essential to be conscious of your company s organizational structure because it exposes information concerning who has authority over whom; how and why a company splits the workload by specific people and by groups/teams. Understanding your organizational structure can also reveal important cross-functional relationships to coordinate work efforts for optimum results. It can show where breakdowns can occur in the hierarchy and assist in developing solutions for increasedRead MoreOrganizational Structure4097 Words   |  17 Pagesorganization structures and identify the type of organizational structure that do you thinks suitable for your selected organization? Organizational structure †¢ Organizational structure is the way in witch an organization’s activities (job tasks) are divided, organized and coordinated. †¢ Organizational structure is the way in which and work, authority resources of an organization have been divided among members. Types of organizational structure ââ€" ªRead MoreOrganizational Structure And Functional Structure999 Words   |  4 PagesFor traditional organization structures, departmentalization means that â€Å"how to group work positions into formal teams or departments that are linked together in a coordinated way† (Victoria management school, 2010, p. 272). These decisions have three types of organizational structure: functional, divisional, matrix and hybrid structures. The definition of functional structure is that making the groups which get the people who have the similar skills together for the similar tasks (Schermerhorn,Read MoreOrganizational Structure Paper1161 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structure Paper MGT 230 Organizational Structure Paper The selected organization for the topic is AAA Remodeling AAA Remodeling is a construction company that focuses on remodeling of residential homes along with weatherization on commercial and residential buildings. Description of organizational structure of AAA remodeling will be given. Two other organizational structures will be selected for the use of contrast and comparison. The organizational functionsRead MoreManagement and Organizational Structure1043 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structures Ahmed Bassyouni University of Phoenix Sep 28, 2010 William Noble Some organizational theories could explain the Enron’s failure. Looking at the organizational structure and management of Enron, The structures were flat before the bureaucratic structure developed, then the bureaucratic structures developed in order to increase control. There were vertical structures where there was high level of control and according to theories the organizational circle is movingRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages1.2 At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of their design principles. Ans: - 1. Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion, division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes. 2. There are different types of organisationalRead MoreOrganizational Design and Organizational Structure Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE An organization is a pattern of relationships-many interwoven, simultaneous relationships- through which people, under the direction of managers, pursue their common goals. These goals are the products of the decision - making processes. The goals that managers develop through planning are typically ambitious, far-reaching, and open-ended. Managers want to ensure that their organizations can endure for a long time. Members of an organizationRead MoreOrganizational Structure And The Organization789 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations differ from one another in various ways, and that is stated in their mission and vision statement as well as their goals. Every organization has a set pattern that helps to establish the structure on which it will accomplish the goal of the business. According to Prodanciuc, organizational structure is the fundamental concept that helps the organization be organized and administrated. The organizing takes place at the beginning of the organizationâ⠂¬â„¢s existence and it means providing everythingRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1361 Words   |  6 Pagesputting a structure to the business so that managers can manage, supervise and coordinate its people and organization’s performance. A structure serves as a framework for the purpose of outlining clear operating guidelines in order to keep the organization functional. It defines the hierarchical lines of authority, establishing job roles and responsibilities, details communication channels to determine how information should flow within the organization. A well-fitted organizational structure will haveRead More Organizational Structures Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesis known as the organization structure formally defined by Wikipedia (2006) as, the way in which the interrelated groups of an organization are constructed. From a managerial point of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination. In respects to project ma nagement there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities

Tale Of Two Cities Sydney Carton Fool free essay sample

Narrative Of Two Cities Sydney Carton, Fool Or Hero Essay, Research Paper Many people want to be remembered as sufferer or heroes ; to hold proven their devotedness to a individual or cause, and many people have and do decease for this. Some of their deceases may hold been in vain ; foolish, hotheaded forfeits of themselves that had no true consequence, or some of the deceases may hold furthered merely causes and strengthened beliefs or saved the twenty-four hours. A deeper, case-specific expression must be used to judge the true heroes from suicide sufferer caught in a tantrum of passion. An illustration of self-sacrifice arises in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens when Sydney Carton, an alcoholic taking a by and large suffering life, sacrifices himself so the hubby of the adult female he adores ( Lucie Manette ) can populate. He does this by exchanging topographic points with Charles Darnay, Lucie s hubby, merely before Darnay s executing. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale Of Two Cities Sydney Carton Fool or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether the switch was a epic title or a foolish one can be debated, or possibly Carton can be both a hero and a sap. Carton can easy be seen by the Darnay and Manette households as a hero, he made them all happy, non to advert Carton kept his earlier promise to Lucie that he would decease to salvage person beloved to her. For you, and for any beloved to you, I would make anything. If my calling were of that better sort that there was any chance or capacity of forfeit in it, I would encompass any forfeit for you and for those beloved to you, he had earlier promised to Lucie. Besides, it could be considered honest of Carton to take a decease when he could hold been oblique and acquire closer to Lucie in her bereavement by soothing her. Possibly Carton besides valued the lives of others more than his ain. Quite a applaudable trait, if true. Merely every bit good, Carton is a spot of a sap. Salvaging Darnay s life did non change history or anything minute mentous. Carton killed himself for no solid cause. Possibly Carton died over a boylike infatuation with a beautiful adult female he could neer hold, and he thought the lone manner to acquire any esteem from her was in decease, instead than for the interest of the lives of Darnay and his kids. After all is said and done, Carton brought felicity to the lives of Darnay, Lucie, their Child, and their households by giving his individual life. His death was a good title and had positive wake, but might hold been done more as cogent evidence of devotedness to Lucie than an existent attention for the life of Darnay and his household s feelings aside from Lucie s. Basically, Carton likely died merely to turn out a point and travel out in an honest manner, cognizing he would at least be remembered for a few coevalss as a hero. Had he non died the manner he did, he likely would hold died a cipher and a rummy. He likely knows that Darnay and Lucie would call a kid in award of him, and Carton sees that slightly as a manner of get downing anew. His desire to get down his life over once more is clearly reflected when he tells Lucie, have had unformed thoughts of endeavoring afresh, get downing afresh, agitating off sloth and sensualness, and contending out the derelict battle. A dream, all a dream, that ends in nil, and leaves the slumberer where he lay down, but I wish you to cognize that you inspired it. So, Carton is a hero and a sap. He has by and large good purposes, but they are inspired by his infatuation with Lucie Manette. Carton ended his suffering life and enriched the lives of a household. A good-willed and logical determination, if those were his grounds. Anyone who dies to salvage others is difficult to believe of every bit excessively much of a sap ; even if their motive was egoistic or stupid, they saved several lives and decidedly will be a hero in the eyes of those saved.

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay The Renaissance era encompasses Western music history from 1400 to the beginning of the sasss. This period in time marked the rebirth of humanism, and the revival of cultural achievements for their own sake in all forms of art, including music. The word Renaissance in itself is defined as a rebirthor a reconstruction. During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. We will write a custom essay on The renaissance period Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This creativity allowed artists to abandon the trice ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people. The distinctive musical sounds of the Renaissance era were comprised of a smooth, imitative, polyphonic style, as seen in the music of Byrd, Palestinian, and Lasses. While sacred music remained of great importance, secular music was starting to become increasingly common. Therefore, the polyphonic style was not only used in sacred music, but also in secular madrigals . The repertoire of instrumental music also began to grow considerably. New instruments were invented, including two keyboard instruments called the clavichord and virginal. In addition, many existing instruments were enhanced. The lute became the favored instrument of the time period, and it was established as the tankard instrument for family music making during the 16th century. Masses and motets were the primary forms for sacred vocal polyphony. These were accompanied by the lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort. Secular vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs, while instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing. Renaissance polyphony was harmonious when compared with the Medieval style. Imitation was a method that composers used to make elaborate music more coherent and to give the listener a ensue of arrangement. Imitation, where one melodic line shares, or imitates, the same musical theme as a previous melodic line became an important polyphonic technique. Imitative polyphony can be easily heard in the music of Byrd, Gibbons, and Gabriel. Additionally, the masses and motets of composers such as Joaquin also displayed the imitative polyphonic style. Imitative polyphony was so important that it continued into the Baroque period, especially in sacred music for the church.

How to Use Attribution Correctly as a Reporter

How to Use Attribution Correctly as a Reporter Attribution simply means telling your readers where the information in your story comes from, as well as who is being quoted. Generally, attribution means using a source’s full name and job title  if thats relevant. Information from sources can be paraphrased or quoted directly, but in both cases, it should be attributed. Attribution Style Keep in mind that on-the-record attribution - meaning a sources full name and job title are given - should be used whenever possible. On-the-record attribution is inherently more credible than any other type of attribution for the simple reason that the ​source has put their name on the line with the information theyve provided. But there are some cases where a  source might not be willing to give full on-the-record attribution. Lets say youre an investigative reporter looking into allegations of corruption in city government. You have a source in the mayors office who is willing to give you information, but hes worried about repercussions if his name is revealed. In that case, you as the reporter would talk to this source about what kind of attribution he is willing to commit to. You are compromising on full on-the-record attribution because the story is worth getting for the public good. Here are some examples of different kinds of attribution. Source – Paraphrase Jeb Jones, a resident of the trailer park, said the sound of the tornado was terrifying. Source – Direct Quote â€Å"It sounded like a giant locomotive train coming through. I’ve never heard anything like it,† said Jeb Jones, who lives in the trailer park. Reporters often use both paraphrases and direct quotes from a source. Direct quotes provide immediacy and a more connected, human element to the story. They tend to draw the reader in. Source – Paraphrase and Quote Jeb Jones, a resident of the trailer park, said the sound of the tornado was terrifying. â€Å"It sounded like a giant locomotive train coming through. I’ve never heard anything like it,† Jones said. (Notice that in Associated Press style,  a source’s full name is used on the first reference, then just the last name on all subsequent references. If your source has a specific title or rank, use the title before his full name on the first reference, then just the last name after that.) When to Attribute Any time the information in your story comes from a source  and not from your own firsthand observations or knowledge, it must be attributed. A good rule of thumb is to attribute once per paragraph if you are telling the story mainly through comments from an interview or eyewitnesses to an event. It might seem repetitive, but it’s important for reporters to be clear about where their information originates. Example: The suspect escaped from the police van on Broad Street, and officers captured him about a block away on Market Street, said Lt. Jim Calvin. Different Types of Attribution In his book News Reporting and Writing,  journalism professor Melvin Mencher outlines four distinct types of attribution: 1. On the record: All statements are directly quotable and attributable, by name and title, to the person making the statement. This is the most valuable type of attribution. Example: The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran, said White House press secretary Jim Smith. 2. On Background: All statements are directly quotable but cant be attributed by name or specific title to the person commenting. Example: The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran, a White House spokesman said. 3. On Deep Background: Anything that is said in the interview is usable but not in a  direct quotation and not for attribution. The  reporter  writes it in his own words.   Example: Invading Iran is not in the cards for the U.S.   4. Off the Record: Information is for the reporters use only and is not to be published. The information also is not to be taken to another source in hopes of getting confirmation.   You probably don’t need to get into all of Mencher’s categories when you’re interviewing a source. But you should clearly establish how the information your source gives you can be attributed.

Human Resource Management- Cases Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management- Cases Study - Essay Example The baby boomers were loyal workers that gave their lives for the companies they work for. The generation Y members have no loyalty for corporations and will work for the highest bidder that provides working environments that they like. The employee retention rate of companies among generation Y workers is much lower than other generations. 3. Generation Y workers will have to make adjustments in the workplace in order to be successful. The workers have to accommodate their styles to the corporate culture of their workplace. If the workplace has a specific dress code the generation Y workers have to act maturely and professional and follow the corporate guidelines. 1. I believe offshoring jobs to developing nations like India in a necessary strategic move that increase labor opportunities in India, while at the same time protecting thousands of jobs in America because the savings achieved in these arrangement are invested to improve the domestic business operations. 2. There are plenty of adjustments an employee needs to make when starting out in a job for an Indian company. There are cross cultural differences that must be studied in order to understand each other. When communicating with colleague one must act with respect and listen well perform making a respond. 1. The direct labor or non-managerial employees of a company represent a labor force whose behavior influences the performance outcome of a corporation. This group must be included in the design process of an incentive compensation plan. 3. The American Woodmark scorecard approach is an analytic tool whose application is more effective in flexible organizations. A company whose organizational structure follows a matrix mechanism can benefit from implementation of the Woodmark method because different team members would be able to receive unbiased feedback from outside workers that are not part of their immediate teams. 1. It is completely unethical to promise employee benefits and then many

Theatre Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Theatre Assignment - Essay Example The plot of this film is good. The events are interconnected to bring forward a systematic story that unfolds as it is presented to the audience. The script of seven bride’s seven brothers makes a lot of sense and simple to understand and follow. Though it is difficult to predict the next event or scene, the play is comical and is ensemble into perfect showcase. The theme as presented relates to marriage and the message brought out relate to cultural differences of backgrounds that affect the way of life in societies. The film is unrealistic. The seven brothers are depicted as overly wild and as manner less. It is impossible to convert the waywardness of the brothers in their own surroundings. ``The fundamentals of production involve incorporating the audience in the formation of the film’’ Edwin in his first chapter states the fundamentals of an audience when developing a film (Wilson, pg. 38). He urges students to be active theater goers so as to know the techniques of production and the role of the audience. The actors in the movie are well presented and the characters brought out in them portray the theme. Millie for instance is brought out to portray a young, diligent and enthusiastic lady who desires change and smooth transition from her urban life to farm life. The character of an enduring and dutiful wife portrayed my Millie is believable and good on stage. The setting of this movie in the wilderness brings out the rugged terrain and the environment of a farm where the bride is not used to. The lighting of the movie is great and the mise-en scene is real. The costumes used in the play show a transition of both urban and farm life and bring out the distinguishing features of both surroundings. The performance is done in a open space so as to show the vastness of the farm. Spacing between the events is also suitable and the music used in

The Struggle Of Oil In America Essay Example for Free

The Struggle Of Oil In America Essay Introduction Since its discovery 150 years ago, petroleum oil has become lifeline of the world, the functional equivalent of blood in the human body. The mechanism driving the entire transportation system from automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets is based on utilization of energy of petroleum oil. Petroleum products are also extensively used in a number of infrastructure industries that form the core of industrial processes and basis of existence of modern world. However, the petroleum resources of world are very limited and they cannot endlessly meet human demands. Various estimates have put the total extractable oil stock to exist for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of extraction of remaining petroleum products would become much more than the benefits obtained them and world would require new resources of energy to exist. These concerns have already spawned intense research in alternative technologies to meet the future energy needs in the face of an impending petroleum crisis. United States of America is world’s leading consumer of petroleum products accounting for approximately 25 % of total consumption of petroleum oil world over. In 2003, world’s consumption of petroleum oil stood at around 80 million barrels per day, out of which US’s share was close to 20 million barrel (Hirsch, Bezdek, Wending, 2005). To meet these huge petroleum demands US depends crucially on oil imports that is well above 50 % today and continuing to rise upward. This overwhelming dependence on imported oil poses various strategic and security challenges for US interests in the long run. The sharp oil price increases of 1973 and 1979-81 serve as testimony to the dangers of import dependence. Further as the oil sources would continue to deplete, the prices of oil would steadily and inexorably rise until the level when world is faced with an acute fuel crisis. Based on these observations it’s vital that U.S explores alternative technologies and fuels to sustain its development and growth structure. Oil Imports The continuous rise in U.S oil consumption has forced it to rely increasingly on imported oil to meet its expanding requirements. In the past 50 years, oil consumption fell just on two occasions that were marked with international increase in prices of oil, in 1973 and 1979-81.. Domestic production of oil that peaked in 1971 has fallen since then while oil imports have continued to rise, crossing the domestic supplies in 1994 (EIA, 2005). The net imported oil share in the net oil consumption was 34.8 percent in 1973 which went lowest at 27.3 percent in 1985 but since then it has continued to rise against a dropping domestic production levels (Reaardon, 2002). The upward trend in oil consumption and consequently in oil import have continued to take place despite multiple efforts and policy intervention that government has tried to introduced (Deutch J, Schlesinger J.R, and Victor D.G., 2006, 29). As of today with its 20 million barrel per day consumption U.S is the largest consumer and importer of oil, surpassing the combined consumption of Japan, Germany, China, Russia and South Korea (Reardon, 2004).. The share of oil in total energy produced in USA is just 17.2 percent while in consumption it rises to 40 percent that explains the need for huge oil import. Imports constitute 11 million barrels per day that is more than the aggregate oil import of Japan, Germany, and South Korea (Reardon, 2004). For oil imports U.S relies heavily on Canada, Venezuela and Middle east oil with Canada being the single largest exporter country of oil to U.S. However as a group the OPEC dominates among all the exporters supplying more than 50 percent of total oil imported by U.S (Petroleum Navigator, 2006). The total petroleum imports for U.S stood at over 5 billion barrels in 2005 out of which crude oil constituted 3.69 billion barrels which means that oil accounts for almost three-fourth of the total imports (Petroleum Navigator, 2006). Finished petroleum products constituted the second largest import segment with close to 15 percent contribution. The bulk of the oil consumption takes place in the transportation sector, which accounts for the 69 percent of the total oil consumption in US (Basic Petroleum Statistics, 2007). Overall there are five major sectors accounting for petroleum oil consumption. These sectors, along with their consumption share in year 2005 are (Petroleum-EIA, 2006) Domestic/Household: Consumption in 2005 was 869 thousand barrels of petroleum per day Commercial: 386 thousand barrels of petroleum per day Industrial: 5061 thousand barrels of petroleum per day Electric Power production: 545 thousand barrels of petroleum per day Transportation: 13, 825 thousand barrels of petroleum per day. A breakup of consumption pattern in the transportation sector reveals that consumption stands highest for motor gasoline. Average daily consumption of motor gasoline in U.S, according to Petroleum data (EIA, 2005) is 8933 thousand barrels per day. Distillate fuel oil is the second most consumed petroleum product with daily consumption at 2817 thousand barrels. These figures give a realistic view of inevitable oil import dependency U.S for present and future if it carries on the present rate of consumption. Indeed the chances to curb the massive oil imports are slim considering the fleet of 210 millions vehicle that depend solely upon motor gasoline for their functioning (Hirsch R.L, Bezdek R, Wending R, February 2005, 4). As on 1st January 2006, the total proven oil reserves with U.S was just 21.6 billion barrels, which implies that in future U.S would be forced to rely almost completely on oil imports for its entire transportation requirements. As the closer sources shall run dry, U.S’ dependency would shift to further sources from where oil must be transported over vulnerable supply lines, leading to rise in global oil price. The greater risk is certainly compromising with U.S national interests. The oil supply lines would always be at risk against subversive elements requiring another set of huge investment in ensuring safe transportation of oil to U.S onshore facilities. It will also place U.S interests in the hands of oil cartels such as OPEC that may freely manipulate oil supplies according to their own interests. The shortage of oil would be more manifest in coming times as oil demands are growing world wide, especially in China and India with rapidly expanding economy, transportation system and consequently requirement of petroleum oil. Even at present consumption rate there are grave uncertainties on the secure prospects of future supplies within next 50 years time frame, and the rising consumption rates threatens to bring the approaching crisis nearer. United States is thus faced with a great responsibility to secure its future interests without sacrificing its present requirements and needs. This issue forms the topic of the next section. Part II: Alternative fuel technologies The impending oil crisis has finally stirred policy makers in US. A number of approaches are suggested that include a. imposing taxes on oil consumption b. using tradable gasoline permits and c. exploration of new sources of oil ( Deutch J, Schlesinger J.R, Victor D.G. 2006 ). However, the pressing need of situation demands measures that would sustain the present structure while safeguarding the future against depleting sources and rising petroleum prices. As the world’s oil reserves are finite, even measures such stagnating oil consumption and using oil more efficiently are just helpful in delaying the inevitable without offering any permanent solution to the issue. Oil reserves are going down steadily and within a couple of decades prices will soar up inexorably disrupting the economy, industry and society in turn. The only practical solution to this problem is technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U.S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis. Past decade has seen great thrust on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector owing to its liability as chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of soaring oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, the technologies vary. Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology.   Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) 1.Hybrid Vehicle, 2. Bio-diesels 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen and 5.Solar energy Following section discusses the technology used in each of these new vehicle-systems and their benefits over conventional gasoline based internal combustion engine. Hybrid Vehicles: As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries. Hybrid vehicles are either full hybrid or mid hybrid. A full hybrid vehicle can move forward from standstill purely on electric power while a mid hybrid requires gasoline power for initial movement, although both technologies concentrate on maximum utilization of electric motor power while reducing the use of gasoline as far as possible (Hybrid Terms, 2007). The electric motor and internal combustion engine (ICE) are connected either in parallel or in series in a hybrid vehicle. In parallel hybrid cars, power to engine is supplied by both the electric motor and internal combustion engine while in the series hybrid car the gasoline engine powers the electric motor and batteries to generate electricity, without directly providing power for the vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). There is another category of hybrid vehicles, called as ‘plug-in hybrid’ that can operate as a full electric vehicle. They require some additional batteries and use electricity net to charge the batteries thereby minimizing gasoline use to its lowest possible levels (Hybrid Terms, 2007). All hybrid electric vehicle use computer that constantly monitors speed, power required and charge conditions of batteries (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). Bio-diesel: Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of excess alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable closeness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. Ethanol: Ethanol as a very long history as an alternative fuel, and it was tried in even 1880 as a fuel option for Ford cars (Aldrich, 1996, 51). Ethanol is derived from agricultural produces by process of fermentation and distillation to form a high-octane liquid fuel. Normally ethanol is not used alone as a fuel, instead it is blended with gasoline in ratio of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline to form a fuel E-85, which is approved as an alternative fuel in US (Ethanol, 2007). The vehicles run on this fuel are called as flexi fuel vehicles. Ethanol has emerged as a successful alternative to fossil fuels in Brazil where more than 4 million vehicles on ethanol based fuel and it is finding increasing application in US as well. The benefits of using ethanol are multifold and they include (Ethanol, 2007) Hydrogen: There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers. Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Solar Power: Use of solar power as energy in transportation sector has been subject of intense technological research. While the solar energy has found wide application as domestic energy supply, there are difficulties in their application in transport sector. Photovoltaic cells, that absorb sunrays to provide electricity, are inefficient under the current technology strains and unable to generate even a fraction of required power to drive a normal passenger vehicle. However, solar power has turned as a dependable source of energy in areas other than transport. All the initial costs are high in maintaining a solar energy power plant, its been shown that with increasingly sophisticated technology and wider application the cost of installation as well as generation of electricity can get comparable to normal power plants (Borowitz, 1999,112). Mass Transport System Apart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, another area where fuel consumption can be easily reduced is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system. It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. While airplanes are already a popular and heavily used long distance intercity mass transit system, there are many available areas of intervention in short distance intercity and intra-city transport to provide fast and reliable transit facilities while simultaneously reducing traffic, freeing up space on roads and parking and moderating fossil oil consumption. The transportation system of US, excluding freight transport, is presently divided in two broad categories a. privately owned individual all purpose vehicle transport system and b. public transport system consisting of buses, trains, trams, and metros under the control and maintenance of public administration and public transport companies ((Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 36-37). Public transport system is usually characterized by low cost, fuel-efficient transit system capable of carrying large number of people on a fixed route (ibid). It has been felt over time that a sustainable and efficient fuel policy needs to incorporate advanced public transport system as one of its key focus area. To improve the services of public transport system, increase its popularity and acceptance among people and highlight its role as an efficient and fuel incentive mode of travel, public authorities and corporations are required to introduce some important policy and technological measures. Three policy measures as highlighted by Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer (2002, 43)   are 1. Developing an integrated public transportation system where a single ticket can be used to commute irrespective of the number of switchovers made in the process. 2 Development of strong travel information structure in the public transport system, which can help people to navigate to their destinations easily. 3. Providing easy payment facility such as smart cards. These policies would greatly enhance the image and services of public transport system. Additionally the light rail and bus services can be expanded to cover specifically high traffic and downtown areas of major cities. An integration of public transport and private vehicle system can be achieved by providing sufficient parking space at stations and depots of public transport system. It would encourage people to use their private vehicles to access public transport system, resolving one of major issues of limited accessibility involved with mass transit system. Conclusion When fossil fuels were discovered around 150 years back, the existing technologies of steam engines were unable to utilize them. However, soon completely new technologies were developed in the face of these new energy sources and they were used to capitalize on the energy content and efficiency of fossil fuels. Soon petroleum fuels revolutionized the way the world moved and worked. The past 100 years of consumption has comprehensively depleted non-renewable petroleum deposits and estimates give another 50 more years before the remaining available sources would get almost exhausted. This fact is indeed a cause of concern, but only if viewed from existing technological frame. Declining petroleum resources offer the signal that its time to make transition towards different energy sources. Countries that would fail to read this signal or close their eyes to it are certainly heading for a major crisis. But fortunately US has the capacity to read these signals and develop reliable intermediate technologies and systems such as hybrid electric vehicle, ethanol and public transit systems that would considerably reduce fossil fuel consumption without adding to infrastructure cost thereby extending the life period of petroleum reservoirs. Meanwhile research can take place on new age technologies such as fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells to complete replace fossil fuels as a source of energy. It is possible that if government and industry institute providential policy measures, there would be a host of alternative technologies in transportation sector by the time petroleum oil would get exhausted. But the question is that has US opened its eyes to the approaching crisis of oil shortage and if so, then what are the policy measures that are being taken to avert and stultify the crisis. Depleting oil resources are a reality, and it is certain that within decades oil prices would climb to astronomical height, bringing the entire present system to standstill. The whole structure of US is running efficiently on the energy of petroleum and it would collapse if this energy dries up. The responsibility to start transition towards new system, however, is not only of government but of every person because the future of crisis would be a common future. It would a collective exercise upon to use alternative technologies in their personal life, make maximum possible use of mass transit system and send the message to government and industry that people are ready for the great shift from petroleum oil. Reference Reference Basic Petroleum Statistics. Jan 2007. Energy Information Administration. 31st Jan. 2007 http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil.html Benefits of Public Transport System-An Overview. 1st Feb-2007. American Public Transportation Association. 1st Feb 2007. http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/ben_overview.cfm Bob Aldrich.. ABCs of AFVs: a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http://www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25156.pdf Borowitz, Sidney.   Farewell Fossil Fuels: Reviewing Americas Energy Policy.: Plenum Trade: New York: 1999 Deutch J, Schlesinger J.R, Victor D.G. 2006. Consequence of U.S Oil Dependency: Report of an Independent Task Force. 30th Jan. 2007 http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/EnergyTFR.pdf Ethanol. 2007. Alternative Fuel Data Center. US Department of Energy. 1st Feb, 2007, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html Faupel Karen and Al Kukri, 2002. Biodiesel: A Brief Overivew. NCAT Agricultural Specialist. 1st Feb, 2007. http://www.msenergy.ms/biodiesel.pdf Hirsch R.L, Bezdek R, Wending R. February 2005. Peaking of World Oil Production: Impact, Mitigation, Risk Management. 30th Jan. 2007 http://www.pppl.gov/publications/pics/Oil_Peaking_1205.pdf Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer.   Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management.: Spon Press: New York: 2002. 36 Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Feb 2007. Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Implementing Agreement. International Energy Agency. 1st Feb, 2007. http://www.ieahev.org/hybrid.html#Anchor3 Hybrid Terms. HybridCars.com. 1st Feb 2007 http://www.hybridcars.com/types-systems/hybrid-terms.html Petroleum. July, 2006. Annual Energy Review-2005. 31s Jan, 2007 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html Petroleum Overview, 1949-2005. Annual Energy Review.31st Jan, 2007 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html Prospects For A Hydrogen Economy. Oct. 2002. Postnote. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. 1st Feb, 2007. http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn186.pdf Reardon Jack. .An Institutionalist Critique of the Bush Administrations Journal of Economic Issues. Volume: 38. Issue: 2. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 449+ Sanna Lucy. Driving the Solution: Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. EPRI Journal. 1st Feb 2007. http://www.calcars.org/epri-driving-solution-1012885_PHEV.pdf U.S. Imports- Petroleum Navigator.Energy Information Administration. 31st Jan 2007 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_d_NUS_Z00_mbbl_m.htm

The Impact of Nutrition and Sleep Upon the Learning Process Essay examp

The Impact of Nutrition and Sleep Upon the Learning Process The effects of nutrition can begin before birth, with the nutrition of the mother. Under nutrition can result in negative effects of the development of the brain that can become permanent and irreversible. One example is the lack of iron, which is a necessary part of the brain’s tissue. When iron deficiency is present nerve impulses tend to move slower. â€Å"Iron deficiency†¦is associated with behavior changes and delayed psychomotor development† (Nutrition and Cognitive Development, 2001), as well as decrease attention span, irritability, fatigue, and difficultly with concentration. â€Å" Anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders in the world, affecting nearly one quarter of all low-income children in the United States†(Rosenberg,1998). Iron deficiently anemia effects many young children in our country and has been linked to a child’s ability to learn by influencing attention span and memory. Besides iron, there can be iodine defic iently as well that can occur during the early years of a child. Reduced cognition and achievement in school can be associated with iodine deficiency. Researchers have also proven a decrease in protein intake with in diets can have an effect on achievement scores. Overall, under nutrition can results in a decrease of activity, social interaction, curiosity and cognitive functioning. This is proof of how the prenatal period of a child is the most important. â€Å"Recent evidence indicates that 15 percent of very low birth weight children and nearly 5 percent of low birth weight children require special education, compared to 4.3 percent of children born at normal birth weight†(Children’s Nutrition and Learning, 1994). Infants that are b... ... Thomas. http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/az599.cfm This article provided information about the future and how technology will change the way we look at education. It gave examples of technology that has already changed classrooms. Quendler, Sigrid. (2002). Link between Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Academic Achievement. Vienna University. This article showed the view on how there are many aspects to learning. There are two the article mainly focuses on and that is nutrition and the physical activities that have shaped the young children in what they will become and who they are now. (1993).Nutrition. In The new standard Encyclopedia. (Vol. 12). Indiana: Standard Educational Corporation. The encyclopedia showed the educational view on nutrition and how it has affected students. It described proper eating habits and how to follow them.

The Use of Lasers in Esophageal Cancer Treatment

Esophageal cancer is a rare form of cancer, but its numbers are on the rise around the world (Staff, Mayo Clinic 1). This disease occurs when malignant or cancerous cells form in the tissues of the esophageal lining of the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The esophagus is responsible for moving swallowed food and liquids from the mouth into the stomach for digestion. It consists of several tissue layers, including the mucous membrane, muscle, and connective tissues.When cancer forms in the esophagus, it begins in the innermost layer of the tissue (the mucous membrane) and moves outward (towards the connective tissue layer) as it spreads (see Figure 1). It often goes undetected for many years, and in its later stages, this cancer is not easily treatable. Among those who develop esophageal cancer, their long-term survival rate is low, as it is estimated that only 12. 5% of patients live five years beyond the date of diagnosis (Triesschejin, Martijn 5).The standard treatment option used to combat esophageal cancer is called an esophagectomy, in which the cancerous area of the esophagus is removed via surgery, however this procedure is very invasive, complicated, and is often times fatal. However, with today’s technological advancements, safer, less-invasive methods are beginning to replace this option and are proving to be successful in helping to extend the lives of those patients with severe esophageal cancer and aid in improving their quality of life.One up-and-coming treatment option that is far more safe and practical than esophagectomy is the integration of lasers in photodynamic therapy, or PDT. Although it is still an experimental treatment, is ideal because it has no long-term side effects, is minimally invasive, can be done quickly with little recovery time, has the ability to precisely target the areas of the body where the cancer cells are present, and can be safely repeated multiple times until the desired results are achieved.Post-treatme nt, it has been known to cause sensitivity to light, particularly pertaining to the patient’s eyes and skin, however this has not been shown to be a significant issue among those treated with PDT. Photodynamic therapy uses special drugs, known as photosensitizing agents, along with laser light to kill cancer cells closer to the surface of the skin. The agents are injected into the body via and ‘switched on’ with light of the appropriate wavelength depending on the drug utilized. Chemical and molecular reactions within the ody from the drugs then destroy the cancer cells and work to rid the body of the esophageal disease. Although several sources of light are possibilities when performing photodynamic therapy, lasers are the most preferred. They are the most effective in emitting monochromatic light, or light that is of a single wavelength and color, corresponding to all of the different absorption maxima of photosensitizers’ compounds, and can be relativel y easily coupled to optical fibers from 200 to 600 microns’ core sizes.Specifically, the type of laser that is optimal for the treatment of esophageal cancer is a diode laser. These lasers are the most recent to be used in cancer treatment, and were developed just within the last fifteen years. Thus, they have higher quality beams, expanded ranges of wavelengths, and can be used on higher powers if desired. Diode lasers are ideal because they are simple to use, easy to transport, and do not require difficult installation like the gas (argon) and dye lasers used before them (Boucher 74).The diode laser currently approved by the FDA is manufactured by Angiodynamics, and has been successfully used, along with the correct application of photosensitizers, in esophageal cancer treatments. â€Å"A good photosensitizer is preferably a pure compound with a constant composition† (Nyman 3). And in esophageal cancer treatment via PDT, the best-proven photosensitizer is called porf imer sodium, also commercially known as Photofrin ®.In fact, the United States’ Food and Drug Administration has only approved the use of this photosensitizer in the treatment of esophageal cancer via PDT (â€Å"Photodynamic Therapy† 2). Porfimer sodium is injected intravenously, where it is then absorbed by all of the body’s cells, but only those cells that are normal and not cancerous are able to get rid of it. To allow for the body’s normal cells to rid themselves of the drug, two to three days are given between the drug’s administration and the activation of the drug by laser light.After being passed down the throat through a small flexible tube called an endoscope, a thin fiber optic glass strand is used to direct the laser light at the affected area. The optical fiber is made of fused silica, and uses a balloon catheter to distribute a defined, controlled amount of light to the treated esophagus organ. If the beam were not diffuse, a direct beam (even at a low power) could be damaging to the esophageal tissue. The light is operated at weaker power of around 2 Watts to ensure that it does not burn any tissue, and it is relatively pain-free.The treatment it is applied for no longer than an hour at a time and can often be done in an outpatient setting (reference all sources listed). Normally, the most common wavelength used is red light, as its specific wavelength of 630 nanometers has been shown to work best when attempting to create the most effective and potent malignant cancer cell-killing method possible. Atomically speaking, following its activation by laser light, â€Å"†¦the photosensitizer is elevated from a ground state to a long lasting excited triplet state†¦. and it] can then react with cell membranes to form radical ions [intermediates] which interact further with oxygen to produce cytotoxic oxygenated molecules† (Gray 1). More simply put, the excited photosensitizer activated by the laser light transfers its energy to other molecules before returning to its ground state, which generates a reactive oxygen species (intermediate) that is able to directly kill and destroy the esophageal tumor via oxidation, and later, indirectly, via inflammation.Research has shown a huge increase in the survival rate of PDT patients receiving this treatment. Treated patients’ survival rates improved 25% over a span of five years compared to those who never received any type of treatment (Li 2). And although doctors have seen great success with the use of photodynamic therapy and diode laser treatments, there is still much more to be researched and improved upon. Currently, new drugs, such as Photochlor ®, and others are being clinically tested to see if they can be used as photosensitizers in the treatment of esophageal cancer.This photosensitizer looks promising, as it has already been shown to last a much shorter time and is more easily removed from the body than Photofrin ® is. Also, scientists are looking at the possibility of using ointments containing ferrous or colbalt ions and hydrogen peroxide on the treated cancerous area to improve PDT outcomes along with laser light. And with the further advancement of technology, hopefully newer treatments will be able to not only improve the outcomes of patients with severe esophageal cancer, but be able to cure them of it once and for all.

The Changing Role of Women in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 312 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: India Essay Role of Women Essay Did you like this example? The Changing Role of Women in India Women in India are beginning to follow the direction that the women of the Western world took more than eighty years ago; demanding treatment as human equals. However, it has become more and more evident as the revolution ages that Indian women may have to adapt the Western feminist method to their very traditional and religious culture. India has different complications that put the development of women in a completely altered context than their Western counterparts. Although the key targets remain similar: improvement of health care, education and job opportunities in order to gain equality between men and women in the various settings of public society, the workplace, the school yard and – possibly the most fundamental setting of all – the home. Women are striving to be independent on the equal level of men. The additional complexities that the women of India must also challenge are the caste system, the heavy religio us customs, older and more traditional roles of the sexes, as well as the even stronger power that men hold in India. The status was at one time accepted, but with the Western women’s revolution and perception, the role is slowly succeeding in its development through both independent groups of women and national and worldwide organizations based on the goal of gaining equality. They have all accomplished much, but have yet to overthrow the male dominated society. The Original Status A patriarichal and oppressed society with an inhumane caste system supposedly based on religious faith, however, their religious beliefs are obviously not understood since their masculine domination acts against the religious base of men and women living as equals. Despite modernization, women’s status remained low and devalued well into the 20th century. Gargi Chakravarty of the National Federation of Indian Women stated in 1990 that â€Å"Girls are looked upon by their parents as burd ens†. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Changing Role of Women in India" essay for you Create order